Cardiovascular disease (CVD) still remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality and consequently early diagnosis is of\nparamount importance.Working conditions can be regarded as an additional risk factor for CVD. Since different aspects of the job\nmay affect vascular health differently, it is important to consider occupation frommultiple perspectives to better assess occupational\nimpacts on health. Standard echocardiography has several targets in the cardiac population, as the assessment of myocardial\nperformance, valvular and/or congenital heart disease, and hemodynamics. Three-dimensional echocardiography gained attention\nrecently as a viable clinical tool in assessing left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function, volume, and shape. Twodimensional\n(2DSTE) and, more recently, three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) have also emerged as\nmethods for detection of global and regionalmyocardial dysfunction in various cardiovascular diseases and applied to the diagnosis\nof subtle LV and RV dysfunction. Although these novel echocardiographic imaging modalities have advanced our understanding\nof LV and RV mechanics, overlapping patterns often show challenges that limit their clinical utility. This review will describe the\ncurrent state of standard and advanced echocardiography in early detection (secondary prevention) of CVD and address future\ndirections for this potentially important diagnostic strategy
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